Difference-in-Differences

Comparing 18 coup countries with 79 developing countries without one, coups lower electoral democracy and income per capita but do not significantly change recorded inflows to the OECD, asylum applications, skilled emigration or the spread of migrants across destinations.

A district-level electoral panel for Peru tests whether voters punish an attributable electoral-subversion offensive and an authorless material shock. Both yield no differential punishment, and two-round coordination helps explain why subversion can go locally unpunished.